@article {Yushin:1998xd,
	title = {Ultrastructure of sperm development in the free-living marine nematode Enoplus anisospiculus (Enoplida : Enoplidae)},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {213-225},
	publisher = {GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER},
	address = {23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE},
	abstract = {The development of sperm in testes of the free-living marine nematode Enoplus anisospiculus was studied with electron microscopy. The spermatogonia are undifferentiated polygonal cells with a large nucleus surrounded by a small cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of spermatocytes is filled with numerous Golgi bodies, cisternae of the RER, ribosomes, and mitochondria and it forms membranous organelles (MO). The development of MOs proceeds along two parallel lines that are characteristic of two different types of spermatocyte. In the first type, MOs begin as a system of cisternae; in the second type, MOs first appear as large vesicles filled with osmiophilic material. Later in the development of spermatocytes, all MOs are bipolar because of a large eccentric dense body associated with the system of cisternae. The nuclei of spermatids have a distinct nuclear envelope. During the collapse of the nucleus, mitochondria and MOs become closely associated with the nuclear envelope. In older spermatids, mitochondria form a layer at the future anterior end of the nucleus, all MOs are positioned posteriorly, and fibrous bodies with a marked radial orientation appear first between the anterior layer of the mitochondria and the nucleus. This cluster of organelles is retained in the immature sperm after detachment of the residual body. The distinctly external cytoplasm (ectoplasm) of the immature sperm is devoid of organelles. (C) Orstom/Elsevier, Paris.},
	keywords = {Enoplus anisospiculus, nematode, spermatogenesis, ultrastructure},
	author = {Yushin, VV and Malakhov, VV}
}
@article {Muller:2004cz,
	title = {The musculature of horsehair worm larvae (Gordius aquaticus, Paragordius varius, Nematomorpha): F-actin staining and reconstruction by cLSM and TEM},
	journal = {Zoomorphology},
	volume = {123},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {45-54},
	publisher = {SPRINGER-VERLAG},
	address = {175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA},
	abstract = {The musculature of larvae of Gordius aquaticus was investigated by laser-scanning microscopy and compared to transmission electron microscopic data for the larva of Paragordius varius. In the anterior portion of the body, the preseptum, four different muscle groups can be distinguished: (1) 12 anterior parietal muscles in the body wall, (2) six oblique muscles that function as retractors of the introvert, (3) six proboscideal muscles, which function as retractors for the proboscis, and (4) six muscles associated with spines of the outermost of the three rings of spines. The posterior portion of the body, the postseptum, possesses four pairs of longitudinal muscle strands in G. aquaticus, the postseptal parietal muscles, that are located dorsolaterally and ventrolaterally. These are not clearly visible in P. varius, where instead three pairs of parietal muscles are present. Additional small muscles are associated with the terminal spines and with the duct running from the pseudointestine to the body wall. All fibers show a cross-striated pattern although this striation is less obvious at the ends of the fibers.},
	keywords = {cLSM, F-actin, Gordiida, musculature, Nematomorpha, phalloidin, ultrastructure},
	doi = {DOI 10.1007/s00435-003-0088-x},
	author = {Muller, MCM and Jochmann, R and Schmidt-Rhaesa, A}
}
@article {Turpeenniemi:1998ss,
	title = {Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in the nematode Halalaimus dimorphus (Nemata : Oxystominidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Nematology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {391-403},
	publisher = {SOC NEMATOLOGISTS},
	address = {3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA},
	abstract = {The ultrastructure of spermatozoa in the free-living marine nematode Halalaimus dimorphus was studied with transmission electron microscopy. Spermatozoa in the posterior testis of the male had a large cavity filled with cellular processes, which contained a variable number of small tubules. Mitochondria and small tubules were the only cell structures observed in the cytoplasm. The spermatozoa had a bipolar structure. The anteriorly situated nucleus, which was electron-dense and homogeneous, was surrounded by a single membrane. The size of the small tubules in the cytoplasm (diam. 12-13 nm) and their relatively thick wall structure suggested that they were not normal microtubules (diam. 25 nm). The material of the small tubules was assumed to be major sperm protein (MSP). The cavity appeared to open on the surface of the spermatozoon at the posterior extremity of the cell, and also medially, at the level of the anterior end of the cavity. The pores apparently were closed by a special plug-like structure, which was an evagination of the cell. The wall of the cavity was characterized by longitudinal folds, which were mushroom-shaped in transverse section. Spermatids in the anterior testis of H. dimorphus were characterized by fibrous bodies packed with small tubules and by cellular processes also containing small tubules. H. dimorphus sperm seem to perform swimming movements based on liquid currents commonly present in turbin-like systems. Spermatogenesis resembled that found in ticks.},
	keywords = {Halalaimus dimorphus, marine nematode, nematode, reproduction, sperm, spermatogenesis, tick, ultrastructure},
	author = {Turpeenniemi, TA}
}
