@article {Mahmoudi:2007ad,
	title = {Individual and combined effects of lead and zinc on a free-living marine nematode community: Results from microcosm experiments},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {343},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {217-226},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {A microcosm experiment was carried out to study the influence of lead and zinc, individually and in mixtures, on a free-living nematode community of a Tunisian lagoon. Three levels (low, medium and high) of each heavy metal were used, separately and in combinations, for sediment contamination and effects were examined after two months. Results from the multiple comparison tests showed significant differences between nematode assemblages from undisturbed controls and those from lead and/or zinc treatments. Most univariate measures, including diversity and species richness, decreased significantly in the treated microcosms. Results from multivariate analyses of the species abundance data revealed significant effects of both metals, separately or in mixtures, at all the doses tested on nematode assemblages. All treatments were significantly different from the control and from each other. Both univariate and multivariate analyses of the data showed that the differential response occurred in all treatments but the communities from microcosms contaminated with lead and zinc separately were much more strongly affected. This result is suggestive of antagonistic interactions between Pb and Zn. The responses of nematode species to the lead and zinc treatments were varied: Calomicrolaimus honestus was eliminated at all lead doses tested and seemed to be intolerant species to Pb contamination whereas Oncholaimus campylocercoides increased significantly at low and medium lead contamination, was eliminated in Pb-highly amended sediment treatments and increased at all zinc doses used. This species could be categorized as "opportunistic" at low and medium lead doses and "zinc-resistant" species. Hypodontolaimus colesi was eliminated in all replicates treated with Zn even at low concentration and appeared to be a very sensitive species to zinc contamination. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {community structure, heavy metals, lagoons, microcosm, nematodes},
	doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.jembe.2006.12.017},
	author = {Mahmoudi, E. and Essid, N. and Beyrem, H. and Hedfi, A. and Boufahja, F. and Vitiello, P. and Aissa, P.}
}
@article {Somerfield:2007yf,
	title = {Three-dimensional spatial structure: nematodes in a sandy tidal flat},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-Progress Series},
	volume = {336},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {177-186},
	publisher = {INTER-RESEARCH},
	address = {NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY},
	abstract = {Benthic infauna live in a three-dimensional world, and patterns of horizontal distribution may vary with depth in the sediment, as may the mechanisms that determine those patterns. This study examines how horizontal spatial structure varies with depth in a semi-exposed coarse-sand flat adjacent to St Martin{\textquoteright}s, one of the Isles of Scilly, UK. Nematode samples were collected from 3 sediment depth horizons (0 to 5, 5 to 10 and 10 to 15 cm) in a nested hierarchical design, with samples 0.1, 1 and 10 m apart. Results show that spatial patterns are strongest amongst samples of intermediate depth (5 to 11) cm), and generally insignificant amongst samples collected from 10 to 15 cm. There is short-order spatial autocorrelation in surface (0 to 5 cm) samples, with samples collected 10 cm apart being significantly more alike than samples collected further apart. We postulate that this is because spatial structure of nematodes in surface sediments is determined by patchiness induced by interactions between the water column and the physical structure of the surface layers of the sediment, which are constantly reworked by wind and tides. The deeper layers, 10 to 15 cm below the surface, are constantly reworked by a dense population of heart urchins Echinocardium cordatum. It is only in the intermediate horizon that relatively stable conditions allow nematode assemblages to establish spatial structure over a range of scales. It is concluded that the interaction between sediment permeability, and therefore interfacial advection, and bioturbation in controlling infaunal diversity and spatial patterns is potentially important.},
	keywords = {advection, bioturbation, Echinocardium, nematodes, spatial structure, vertical distribution},
	author = {Somerfield, P. J. and Dashfield, S. L. and Warwick, R. M.}
}
@article {Beyrem:2007pi,
	title = {Individual and combined effects of cadmium and diesel on a nematode community in a laboratory microcosm experiment},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {412-418},
	publisher = {ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE},
	address = {525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA},
	abstract = {A microcosm experiment was carried out to study the influence of cadmium and diesel, individually and in a mixture, on a free living nematode community of a Tunisian lagoon. Sediments were contaminated with cadmium that ranged in concentration from 0.54 to 1.40 mg Cd kg(-1) (dry weight (dw)), by diesel at 0.25 mg kg(-1) (dw), by a cadmium-diesel mixture (Cd at 1.40 mg kg(-1) + Diesel at 0.25 mg kg(-1)) and effects were examined after 90 days. Univariate analysis showed that all univariate indices did not change significantly neither at all the levels of cadmium contamination nor at 0.25 mg kg(-1) (dw) diesel concentration. But, at the cadmium-diesel mixture, significant differences were recorded between nematode assemblages from uncontaminated sediment control microcosm and those from cadmium-diesel mixture amended sediment treatments. Total nematode abundance (I), mean individual weight (bi), Shannon-Weaver index H{\textquoteright}, species richness (d), evenness (J{\textquoteright}) and number of species (S) decreased significantly in microcosms contaminated with both cadmium and diesel. Results from multivariate analyses of the species abundance data demonstrated that responses of nematode species to the cadmium-diesel treatments were varied: Marylynnia stekhoveni, Calomicrolaimus honestus and Oncholaimellus mediterraneus were significantly affected at the cadmium-diesel contamination but they were not eliminated. These species could be categorized as "cadmium-diesel sensitive". Enoploides sp. and Oncholaimus campylocercoides, characterized by increased abundanc s in cadmium-diesel amended sediment, seemed to be "cadmium-diesel resistant" species. All these species, "cadmium-diesel sensitive or "cadmium-diesel resistant", were not affected by either cadmium or diesel alone. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {cadmium, community structure, contaminant mixture, diesel, microcosm, nematodes, sediment},
	doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.12.007},
	author = {Beyrem, H. and Mahmoudi, E. and Essid, N. and Hedfi, A. and Boufahja, F. and Aissa, P.}
}
@article {Hodda:2007pb,
	title = {Phylum Nematoda},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {1668},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Zootaxa},
	pages = {265-293},
	publisher = {MAGNOLIA PRESS},
	address = {PO BOX 41-383, AUCKLAND, 1030, NEW ZEALAND},
	abstract = {The systematics of nematodes is reviewed, including: an overview of the general biology, ecology, scientific and economic importance of the group; a history of classification; evolutionary affinities and origins of nematodes; and the current diagnosis of the group. Alternative classifications within the Phylum Nematoda are discussed, and a classification to family level incorporating the latest molecular, developmental and morphological research is presented. This classification reflects the current views on evolution within the phylum, as well as significant areas of uncertainty, particularly related to the early evolution of nematodes. It includes 5 classes, 9 subclasses, 23 superorders, 39 orders, 52 suborders, 89 superfamilies and 241 families. There are few changes at the superfamily and family levels.},
	keywords = {biology, classification, ecology, economic importance, nematodes, phylogeny},
	author = {Hodda, Mike}
}
