@book {Abebe:2006fx,
	title = {Freshwater nematodes: ecology and taxonomy},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {CABI Pub.},
	organization = {CABI Pub.},
	address = {Wallingford, UK},
	isbn = {0851990096 (alk. paper)},
	url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0511/2005010266.html},
	author = {Abebe, E and Andr{\'a}ssy, I and Truanspurger, W}
}
@booklet {Todd:2006mk,
	title = {Sentinel nematodes of land-use change and restoration in tallgrass prairie},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Journal of Nematology},
	pages = {20-27},
	publisher = {SOC NEMATOLOGISTS},
	address = {PO BOX 311, MARCELINE, MO 64658 USA},
	abstract = {Changes in land use and the associated changes in land cover are recognized as the most important component of human-induced global change. Much attention has been focused on deforestation, but grasslands are among the most endangered ecosystems on Earth. The North American tallgrass prairie is a dramatic example, exhibiting a greater than 95\% decline in historical area. Renewed interest in prairie conservation and restoration has highlighted the need for ecological indicators of disturbance and recovery in native systems, including the belowground component. The tallgrass prairie differs from the agricultural systems that have replaced it in having greater diversity and heterogeneity of resources, less physical soil disturbance (although other disturbances, such as fire and grazing, are prominent), and greater nitrogen limitation. Understanding the responses of nematode taxa to these characteristic differences is crucial to the development and improvement of community indices, but while knowledge of disturbance responses by individual taxa is accumulating, the level of necessary taxonomic resolution remains in question. Although nematode communities generally are better described for temperate grasslands than for other natural ecosystems, identification of sentinel taxa is further confounded by high levels of diversity, and both spatial and temporal heterogeneity.},
	keywords = {agroecosystem, community, disturbance, ecological indicator, land-use change, natural ecosystem, nematode, restoration, sentinel taxa, soil, tallgrass prairie},
	author = {Todd, T. C. and Powers, T. O. and Mullin, P. G.}
}
@book {Tchesunov2006,
	title = {Biology of Marine Nematodes},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {KMK Scientific Press},
	organization = {KMK Scientific Press},
	author = {Tchesunov, A. V.}
}
@article {Doroszuk:2006zt,
	title = {Rapid adaptive divergence of life-history traits in response to abiotic stress within a natural population of a parthenogenetic nematode.},
	journal = {Proc Biol Sci},
	volume = {273},
	number = {1601},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {2611{\textendash}2618},
	address = {Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands. agnieszka.doroszuk@wur.nl},
	abstract = {Sexual reproduction is acknowledged to facilitate adaptation to novel environments while asexual eukaryotes are often regarded as having low adaptive potential. This view has been challenged in a number of studies, but the adaptive potential of asexual populations in the field is poorly documented. We investigated the response of natural populations of the parthenogenetic nematode Acrobeloides nanus to imposed divergent selective pressures. For this purpose, we employed a replicated evolution experiment in the field. After 20 years of evolution under abiotic stress and control conditions, life-history traits were assessed in reaction norm- and reciprocal transplant experiments. Both these experiments indicated adaptive divergence within the population of A. nanus. Namely, the transplant experiment demonstrated that in the stressed soil environment, body growth rate was more reduced in the nematodes originating from the control treatment. In the reaction norm experiment, survival and reproduction were higher under test conditions corresponding to the native environment of the nematodes. The differences in the analysed traits are discussed in the context of life-history theory. Overall, our results strongly support high adaptive potential of A. nanus and suggest that population structure and distribution of asexual species is shaped by local adaptation events.},
	issn = {0962-8452 (Print)},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3602},
	author = {Doroszuk, Agnieszka and Wojewodzic, Marcin W and Kammenga, Jan E}
}
@article {Lahl:2006rw,
	title = {Egg development in parthenogenetic nematodes: variations in meiosis and axis formation.},
	journal = {Int J Dev Biol},
	volume = {50},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {393{\textendash}398},
	address = {Zoologisches Institut, University of Koln, Germany.},
	abstract = {In the well studied model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans entrance of the sperm induces an anterior-posterior polarity in the egg and determines the orientation of the primary embryonic axis. Subsequently, fusion of two haploid gamete nuclei results in a diploid zygote as a prerequisite for normal embryogenesis. Here we analyze the establishment of embryonic polarity and diploidy in the absence of sperm in three parthenogenetic nematode species from three different families, Diploscapter coronatus (Diploscapteridae), Acrobeloides nanus (Cephalobidae) and Plectus sp. (Plectidae). We find that they not only differ from C. elegans in these two aspects but also from each other, indicating variant solutions for the same developmental challenges and supporting the view that the parthenogenetic mode of reproduction has been acquired multiple times independently.},
	issn = {0214-6282 (Print); 0214-6282 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1387/ijdb.052030vl},
	author = {Lahl, Vera and Sadler, Bernd and Schierenberg, Einhard}
}
@booklet {Hoberg:2006rp,
	title = {Phylogeny of Taenia: Species definitions and origins of human parasites},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Parasitology International},
	pages = {S23-S30},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD},
	address = {ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND},
	abstract = {Phylogeny is fundamental as it constrains explanations about history and forms our foundation for recognizing and diagnosing species. In the absence of such a framework taxonomists historically relied on intuitive processes, personal judgment and authority, often embracing a typological view of species that disregarded otherwise unequivocal historical and biological criteria. Species of Taenia are among the most characteristic tapeworms infecting carnivores and humans as definitive hosts and indeed Taemidae is unique among the Eucestoda in requiring 2 obligate mammalian hosts for transmission; a high percentage (>80\%) of life cycles have been completely elucidated among the approximately 45 species and nominal subspecies of Taenia. Until recently there had been no comprehensive attempts at reconstruction of a phylogeny among these important parasites. Such analyses have allowed us to explore the origins and evolution of those independent species of Taenia that occur in humans (T saginata, T asiatica, and T solium) and to understand the ecological and historical processes serving as determinants of biogeography and host-association. These studies supported the status of T asiatica as a valid species and diagnosed a relationship as the sister-species of T saginata. These conclusions contrasted with a diversity of opinions that would subsume T asiatica as a subspecies. Recognition of a species constitutes a specific and testable hypothesis, is not an arbitrary decision and is most appropriately assessed in the context of phylogenetic or historical data. Considering macrospecies, a process has been outlined by Brooks and McLennan [Brooks DR, McLennan DA. The nature of diversity: an evolutionary voyage of discovery. University of Chicago Press: Chicago; 2002] as follows: (1) Discovery: a systematist describes the species; (2) Phylogenetic reconstruction; (3) Evaluation I: do sister-species show geographical overlap-are they sympatric or allopatric (use phylogeny+geographical distributions)? (4) Evaluation II: are sister-species reproductively isolated based on information from natural history, ecology and reproductive biology? Species may be viewed in the context of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary processes. For instance, microspecies are defined in ecological time and involve populations and contemporary process that are potentially reversible (reticulate). In contrast, macrospecies as exemplified by T saginata and T asiatica are divergent lineages resulting from processes in evolutionary time where an ancestor has undergone a permanent split that is non-reversible (non-reticulate). Applying these criteria in evaluation of T saginata and T asiatica, it becomes clear that in evolutionary time these represent historical lineages with independent spatial and temporal trajectories, having separated from a common ancestor near 0.78 to 1.71 MYBP in Africa, or Eurasia. In ecological time, sympatry, reproductive isolation, and differences in life history evident for T saginata and T asiatica as observed in China, and perhaps other regions of Southeast Asia, further serve to validate these taeniids. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.},
	keywords = {biogeography, evolution, phylogeny, species concepts, Taenia asiatica, Taenia saginata, Taenia tapeworms},
	doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.049},
	author = {Hoberg, EP}
}
@booklet {Castagnone-Sereno:2006le,
	title = {Genetic variability and adaptive evolution in parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Heredity},
	pages = {282-289},
	publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
	address = {MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {Root-knot nematodes (RKN) of the genus Meloidogyne are biotrophic plant parasites of major agricultural importance, which exhibit very variable modes of reproduction, from classical amphimixis to mitotic parthenogenesis. This review focuses on those RKN species that reproduce exclusively by mitotic parthenogenesis ( apomixis), in contrast to those that have meiotic/ amphimitic events in their life cycle. Although populations of clonal organisms are often represented as being ecologically isolated and evolutionary inert, a considerable volume of literature provides evidence that asexual RKN are neither: they are widely distributed, extremely polyphagous, and amenable to selection and adaptive variation. The ancestors of the genus are unknown, but it is assumed that the parthenogenetic RKN have evolved from amphimictic species through hybridization and subsequent aneuploidization and polyploidization events. Molecular studies have indeed confirmed that the phylogenetic divergence between meiotic and mitotic RKN lineages occurred early, and have revealed an unexpected level of clonal diversity among populations within apomictic species. Laboratory experiments have shown that asexual RKN can rapidly adapt to new environmental constraints (eg host resistance), although with some fitness costs. Lastly, the molecular and chromosomal mechanisms that could contribute to genome plasticity leading to persistent genetic variation and adaptive evolution in apomictic RKN are discussed. It is concluded that RKN provide an excellent model system in which to study the dynamic nature and adaptive potential of clonal genomes.},
	keywords = {apomixis, clonal diversity, evolution, Meloidogyne spp., parthenogenesis},
	doi = {DOI 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800794},
	author = {Castagnone-Sereno, P}
}
@article {Shostak:2006kx,
	title = {Shape variation of cysticercoids of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cyclophyllidea) from fed, partially fed, and fasted Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera)},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {756-763},
	publisher = {AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS},
	address = {810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA},
	abstract = {Quantitative studies of a crowding effect on cysticercoids of Hymenolepis diminuta in the intermediate host are few and limited in scope. In this study, we developed a technique to rapidly collect morphological information on large numbers of parasites, and verified the utility of geometric models for simple and accurate estimation of cysticercoid size for quantitative studies. These models were tested using measurements from 4,899 H. diminuta obtained from 666 Tribolium confusum exposed 1-4 wk previously. Length, width, and depth of the body and cercomer (when present) can be used in conjunction with these models to provide the most accurate estimation of parasite size. However, parasite body length alone can be used, with adjustment for effects of host diet and infection intensity, to predict the remaining measurements in incomplete specimens. Parasites that developed in higher intensity infections, or in hosts with reduced food intake, were narrower and had a proportionately shorter cercomer. Host age, sex, and mating status, and parasite age also had statistically significant, but small-magnitude, effects on parasite shape.},
	author = {Shostak, Allen W. and Walsh, John G. and Wong, Yuen C.}
}
@article {Schratzberger:2006bf,
	title = {Patterns of nematode populations in the southwestem North Sea and their link to other components of the benthic fauna},
	journal = {Journal of Sea Research},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {113-127},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {This article describes the major features of nematode assemblages collected at 19 stations in the southwestern North Sea and identifies dominant species within communities in relation to environmental parameters and anthropogenic activities. Patterns observed for meiobenthic nematodes were compared with those from larger-sized benthic fauna. Correlation analyses of nematode populations with the varied substrate occurring in the study area revealed that locations with similar sediment type and water depth were also most similar faunistically. The combined analysis of different faunal groups showed a notable similarity between species distribution patterns and this was partly based on common affinities for particular habitat conditions. The influence of factors related to sediment granulometry generally decreased with increasing size and mobility of the faunal group investigated. In terms of diversity and species composition, nematode communities encountered were similar to those occurring in comparable environments worldwide. As evident from sediment, contaminant and faunal analyses, acute effects of human activities on nematode populations seem unlikely. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {community structure, nematode assemblages, North Sea, species diversity},
	doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.seares.2005.07.002},
	author = {Schratzberger, M and Warr, K and Rogers, SI}
}
@article {Gascon:2006zp,
	title = {Nematode assemblages and their responses to disturbances: a case study from the Emporda wetlands (northeastern Iberian Peninsula)},
	journal = {Journal of the North American Benthological Society},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {643-655},
	publisher = {NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC},
	address = {1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA},
	abstract = {The salt marshes of the Emporda wetlands are subjected to both physical variability, caused by hydrological fluctuations, and nutrient variability. We assessed which of these sources of variability most influenced nematode assemblages in 5 basins in the wetlands. One of these basins was permanently inundated, but the hydroperiods of the others were variable. Taxonomic composition and the Maturity Index, which is based on the ecological characteristics of nematodes (r- or K-strategists), were used to describe the assemblages. Variation decomposition analysis showed that nematode assemblages of the Emporda wetlands were more influenced by physical variability (18.2\% of explained variation), caused by changes in variables such as conductivity and granulometry, than by nutrient variability (3.4\% of explained variation). The Maturity Index of the assemblages was related to hydrological disturbance, but not to eutrophy. Cluster analysis based on taxonomic composition separated the permanent basin from the temporary basins. Nematode diversity and genus richness were significantly higher in the permanent basin than in the temporary basins. We conclude that the Maturity Index is valid for assessing hydrological disturbances in fluctuating Mediterranean environments, whereas assemblage parameters such as diversity and richness may not be because they responded to water permanence but not to other environmental factors associated with hydrologic variability.},
	keywords = {hydrological fluctuations, maturity Index, Mediterranean, meiofauna, nematodes, salt marshes, trophic level},
	author = {Gascon, Stephanie and Boix, Dani and Sala, Jordi and Quintana, Xavier D.}
}
@article {Healy:2006ad,
	title = {Three new species of Rhinebothrium (Cestoda : Tetraphyllidea) from the freshwater whipray, Himantura chaophraya, in Malaysian Borneo},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {364-374},
	publisher = {AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS},
	address = {810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA},
	abstract = {Three new Rhinebothrium Linton, 1890 species, R. kinabatanganensis n. sp., R. megacanthophallus n. sp., and R. abaiensis n. sp., collected from the spiral intestines of 6 freshwater whiprays (Himantura chaophrava, Dasyatidae) in the Kinabatangan River, Malaysian Borneo, are described. This is the first record of cestodes from the Kinabatangan River and from H. chaophrava. The new Rhinebothrium species are differentiated from the 34 valid Rhinebothrium species in addition to 2 species, Echeneibothrium hui Tseng, 1933 and E. oligolesticularis Subramaniam, 1940 that are herein transferred to Rhinebothrium. Each of the new species was examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. Two of the new species possess cilia on their bothridia, which have not previously been reported for members of this genus.},
	author = {Healy, CJ}
}
@article {Siddall:2006qm,
	title = {A new species of glossiphoniid leech from Rana pretiosa (Amphibia: Ranidae) in Oregon.},
	journal = {J Parasitol},
	volume = {92},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {855{\textendash}857},
	address = {Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA. siddall@amnh.org},
	abstract = {A new species of ectoparasitic glossiphoniid leech was found feeding on frogs in the Nature Center Pond and elsewhere in Deschutes County, Oregon. The new species of Placobdella resembles the southern alligator leech, Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953, notwithstanding their vast geographic separation in North America. The new species is readily distinguished by possessing subdivided annuli, by its papillation and pigmentation patterns as well as by the arrangement of ovarian tissues. There is strong evidence of nocturnality and of the potential for parasitizing humans.},
	issn = {0022-3395 (Print)},
	author = {Siddall, Mark E. and Bowerman, Jay}
}
@article {Saeed:2006cl,
	title = {Population dynamics and epidemiology of Toxocara canis in Danish red foxes},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1196-1201},
	publisher = {AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS},
	address = {810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA},
	abstract = {Toxocara canis, an intestinal helminth of canids with zoonotic potential, was found in 618 (59\%) of 1,040 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) collected from all Danish provinces (1997-2002). The prevalence and average worm burden were significantly higher for cubs than older foxes and in males than in females. A multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the prevalence was influenced significantly by sex and age of foxes in addition to location, season, and year of collection. The highest prevalence and worm burden were found in rural areas. The size and number of female worms was positively correlated to the fecal egg excretion. The length and fecundity of the worms was significantly higher in male foxes, and a general intensity dependence was suggested from a negative correlation between worm numbers and worm lengths. As compared to intestinal recovery of worms, somatic larvae were recovered from 20\% of muscle samples and fecal eggs in 41\% of fecal samples. The consistent finding of T canis larvae in somatic tissues of naturally infected foxes is new.},
	author = {Saeed, Isam S. and Kapel, Christian M. O.}
}
@article {AllingtonSherlock2006,
	title = {Choosing a microscope slide sealant: A review of aging characteristics and the development of a new test, using low oxygen environments},
	journal = {NatSCA News},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2006},
	author = {Allington, Lu and Sherlock, Emma}
}
@booklet {Gobin:2006sf,
	title = {Geographical variation in species diversity: A comparison of marine polychaetes and nematodes},
	volume = {330},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	pages = {234-244},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine if marine species diversity was influenced by geographical location and whether it was higher at lower latitudes. Artificial collectors (made of nylon pan scourers) were employed as a standard substratum for the colonisation of marine invertebrates inhabiting subtidal (12 to 15 m) hard, rocky bottom substrata. These artificial substrate units (ASUs) were deployed at different latitudes including northern and southern temperate (South West England, UK and New Zealand), tropical (Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies) and polar (Signy Island, Antarctica) areas. The polychaetes, representative of the macrofauna and the nematodes, representative of the meiofauna fractions of the total invertebrate fauna collected were analysed. Neither polychaete nor nematode species diversity showed a trend based on latitude and each taxon showed a different pattern of diversity variation in relation to location. Polychaete diversity varied from area to area with highest species diversity occurring in the southern temperate (New Zealand). Nematode species diversity however was similar for the northern and southern temperate (UK and New Zealand) and the tropical area (Trinidad and Tobago). Thus, although the number of locations studied was limited, these data do not conform to a gradient in species diversity with latitude as has been previously supposed. The success of ASUs to compare species diversities in standardised habitat units augurs well for their future use in other ecological areas such as biogeographical or pollution studies. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {artificial substrata, benthic species diversity, latitudinal gradients, nematodes, polychaetes},
	doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.030},
	author = {Gobin, JF and Warwick, R. M.}
}
@inbook {Bouchet2006,
	title = {The magnitude of marine biodiversity},
	booktitle = {The exploration of marine biodiversity: scientific and technological challenges},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {31{\textendash}62},
	publisher = {Fundaci{\'o}n BBVA},
	organization = {Fundaci{\'o}n BBVA},
	address = {Bilbao, Spain},
	keywords = {Estimates of nematode biodiversity},
	author = {Bouchet, Phillippe},
	editor = {Duarte, C.}
}
@article {Urban-Malinga:2006cl,
	title = {Comparison of nematode communities in Baltic and North Sea sublittoral, permeable sands - Diversity and environmental control},
	journal = {Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {224-238},
	publisher = {ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD},
	address = {24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {The structure of free-living nematode communities was investigated seasonally at two sandy locations representing typical shallow sublittotal, permeable environments of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. At the Baltic study site the chlorophyll and organic carbon concentrations in the sediment were, on average, four times lower than at the North Sea. Highest nematode densities (1674-4100 ind. 10 cm(-2)) and a higher number of free-living nematode genera (66) were recorded in the North Sea (Baltic: 206-1227 ind. 10 cm(-2), 30 genera). Despite lower salinity and lower food availability the less dense and less diverse Baltic nematode community was similar in generic composition to the North Sea community. At the North Sea site, all trophic groups according to Wieser{\textquoteright}s classification were present with omnivores/predators, dominated by Viscosia, prevailing and followed by epistrate-feeders. In the food-limited Baltic community, non-selective deposit feeders (mainly Ascolaimus, Axonolaimus and Daptonema) and omnivores/predators dominated by Enoplolaimus were the most abundant trophic groups while selective deposit feeders were absent or their contribution was negligible. An analysis of the vertical generic distribution revealed highest diversity of the Baltic community in deeper sediment layers, below the sediment surface affected by ripple migration and near the interface of oxic and anoxic conditions. The diversity pattern in the North Sea sediment was more variable but generally showed high diversity in the upper centimetre of the sediment. These observations suggest that food supply and sediment oxygenation are the most important factors influencing the vertical pattern of nematode generic diversity in sublittoral, permeable sands. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Baltic, diversity, nematodes, North Sea, permeable sands, sublittoral sands},
	doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.06.020},
	author = {Urban-Malinga, Barbara and Hedtkamp, Stefanie I. C. and van Beusekom, Justus E. E. and Wiktor, Jozef and Weslawski, Jan Marcin}
}
@article {Bhadury:2006ci,
	title = {Development and evaluation of a DNA-barcoding approach for the rapid identification of nematodes},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-Progress Series},
	volume = {320},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1-9},
	publisher = {INTER-RESEARCH},
	address = {NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY},
	abstract = {Free-living nematodes are abundant in all marine habitats, are highly diverse, and can be useful for monitoring anthropogenic impacts on the environment. Despite such attributes, nematodes are effectively ignored by many marine ecologists because of their time-consuming taxonomy. Nematode diagnostics has traditionally relied on detailed comparison of morphological characters which, given their abundance, is difficult and laborious, meaning that the biodiversity of the group is typically underestimated. Molecular methods such as DNA-barcoding offer potentially efficient alternative approaches to studying the biodiversity of marine nematode communities, allowing these organisms to be more effectively exploited in ecological surveys and environmental assessments. In this study, a number of nuclear and mitochondrial genomic regions were evaluated as potential diagnostic loci for marine nematode species identification. Of these, the 18S ribosomal RNA gene amplified most reliably from a range of taxa, and was therefore evaluated as a DNA barcode. In a comparison of molecular and morphological identifications, over 97 \% of specimens sequenced were correctly assigned on the basis of a short stretch of 18S rRNA sequence (approximately 345 bp), making this a potentially useful marker for the rapid molecular assignment of unknown nematode species, and evaluation of nematode species richness during ecological surveys or environmental assessments. This study showed that a single marker approach based on amplification and sequencing may prove invaluable in the rapid identification of nematodes during ecological surveys and, indeed, other taxonomically challenging invertebrate taxa.},
	keywords = {18S rRNA, DNA barcoding, ecological survey, identification, Marine nematodes},
	author = {Bhadury, Punyasloke and Austen, Melanie C. and Bilton, David T. and Lambshead, P. John D. and Rogers, Alex D. and Smerdon, Gary R.}
}
@article {Meier:2006rc,
	title = {DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success.},
	journal = {Systematic Biology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {5},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {715{\textendash}728},
	address = {Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore. dbsmr@nus.edu.sg},
	abstract = {DNA barcoding and DNA taxonomy have recently been proposed as solutions to the crisis of taxonomy and received significant attention from scientific journals, grant agencies, natural history museums, and mainstream media. Here, we test two key claims of molecular taxonomy using 1333 mitochondrial COI sequences for 449 species of Diptera. We investigate whether sequences can be used for species identification ("DNA barcoding") and find a relatively low success rate (< 70\%) based on tree-based and newly proposed species identification criteria. Misidentifications are due to wide overlap between intra- and interspecific genetic variability, which causes 6.5\% of all query sequences to have allospecific or a mixture of allo- and conspecific (3.6\%) best-matching barcodes. Even when two COI sequences are identical, there is a 6\% chance that they belong to different species. We also find that 21\% of all species lack unique barcodes when consensus sequences of all conspecific sequences are used. Lastly, we test whether DNA sequences yield an unambiguous species-level taxonomy when sequence profiles are assembled based on pairwise distance thresholds. We find many sequence triplets for which two of the three pairwise distances remain below the threshold, whereas the third exceeds it; i.e., it is impossible to consistently delimit species based on pairwise distances. Furthermore, for species profiles based on a 3\% threshold, only 47\% of all profiles are consistent with currently accepted species limits, 20\% contain more than one species, and 33\% only some sequences from one species; i.e., adopting such a DNA taxonomy would require the redescription of a large proportion of the known species, thus worsening the taxonomic impediment. We conclude with an outlook on the prospects of obtaining complete barcode databases and the future use of DNA sequences in a modern integrative taxonomy.},
	issn = {1063-5157 (Print)},
	doi = {10.1080/10635150600969864},
	author = {Meier, Rudolf and Shiyang, Kwong and Vaidya, Gaurav and Ng, Peter K L}
}
@article {Bargmann:2006kx,
	title = {Chemosensation in C. elegans.},
	journal = {WormBook},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}29},
	address = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. cori@rockefeller.edu},
	abstract = {C. elegans has a highly developed chemosensory system that enables it to detect a wide variety of volatile (olfactory) and water-soluble (gustatory) cues associated with food, danger, or other animals. Much of its nervous system and more than 5\% of its genes are devoted to the recognition of environmental chemicals. Chemosensory cues can elicit chemotaxis, rapid avoidance, changes in overall motility, and entry into and exit from the alternative dauer developmental stage. These behaviors are regulated primarily by the amphid chemosensory organs, which contain eleven pairs of chemosensory neurons. Each amphid sensory neuron expresses a specific set of candidate receptor genes and detects a characteristic set of attractants, repellents, or pheromones. About 500-1000 different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed in chemosensory neurons, and these may be supplemented by alternative sensory pathways as well. Downstream of the GPCRs, two signal transduction systems are prominent in chemosensation, one that uses cGMP as a second messenger to open cGMP-gated channels, and one that relies upon TRPV channels. These sensory pathways are modulated and fine-tuned by kinases and phosphatases. Chemosensory preferences can be modified by sensory adaptation, developmental history, and associative learning, allowing C. elegans to integrate context and experience into its behavior.},
	issn = {1551-8507 (Electronic)},
	doi = {10.1895/wormbook.1.123.1},
	author = {Bargmann, Cornelia I}
}
@article {Sanchez-Moreno:2006jh,
	title = {Linking soil properties and nematode community composition: effects of soil management on soil food webs},
	journal = {Nematology},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {703-715},
	publisher = {BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS},
	address = {PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {The purported benefits of conservation tillage and continuous cropping in agricultural systems include enhancement of soil ecosystem functions to improve nutrient availability to crops and soil C storage. Studies relating soil management to community structure allow the development of bioindicators and the assessment of the consequences of management practices on the soil food web. During one year (December 2003-December 2004), we studied the influence of continuous cropping (CC), intermittent fallow (F), standard tillage (ST) and no tillage (NT) on the nematode assemblage and the soil food web in a legume-vegetable rotation system in California. The most intensive systems included four crops during the study period. Tillage practices and cropping pattern strongly influenced nematode faunal composition, and the soil food web, at different soil depths. Management effects on nematode taxa depended on their position along the coloniser-persister (cp) scale and on their trophic roles. At the last sampling date (December 2004), Mesorhabditis and Acrobeloides were positively associated with NH4+, while Panagrolaimus and Plectus were negatively correlated with certain phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). Microbial-feeders were in general associated with both bacterial and fungal PLFA, microbial biomass C (MBC) by chloroform fumigation-extraction, total C and N, NH4+ and NO3-, and were most abundant in the surface soil of the NTCC treatment. Fungal-feeders were more closely related to PLFA markers of fungi than to ergosterol, a purported fungal sterol. Discolaimus, Prionchulus, Mylonchulus and Aporcelaimidae, in contrast, were associated with intermittent fallow and deeper soil layers. The organisms in the higher levels of the soil food web did not respond to the continuous input of C in the soil and a long recovery period may be required for appropriate taxa to be reintroduced and to increase. At the end of the experiment, each treatment supported quite different nematode assemblages and soil food webs.},
	keywords = {Cover crops, fallow, nematode sensitivity, soil food web, tillage},
	author = {Sanchez-Moreno, Sara and Minoshima, Hideomi and Ferris, Howard and Jackson, Louise E.}
}
@article {Stiernagle:2006ap,
	title = {Maintenance of C. elegans.},
	journal = {WormBook},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1{\textendash}11},
	address = {Caenorhabditis Genetics Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. cgc@umn.edu},
	issn = {1551-8507 (Electronic)},
	doi = {10.1895/wormbook.1.101.1},
	author = {Stiernagle, Theresa}
}
@article {Iseto2006,
	title = {Two new non-commensal Loxosomatids (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae) from Okinawa and Sesoko Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan},
	journal = {Species Diversity},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {33{\textendash}43},
	author = {Iseto, Tohru}
}
@mastersthesis {HolovachovDissertation,
	title = {Morphology and systematics of the order Plectida Malakhov, 1982},
	year = {2006},
	school = {Wageningen University},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Netherlands},
	keywords = {cladistics, development, morphology, nematode evolution, phylogeny, Plectida, SEM, taxonomy},
	author = {Holovachov, Oleksandr}
}
@article {Jones:2006rp,
	title = {Development of taxon-specific markers for high-throughput screening of microbial-feeding nematodes},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Notes},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {712-714},
	publisher = {BLACKWELL PUBLISHING},
	address = {9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {In an effort to assess the taxonomic identity of large-scale samplings of nematodes from the Konza Tallgrass Prairie, we sequenced a portion of the 18S rRNA gene and its associated internally transcribed spacer (ITS1) from 74 nematodes encompassing four taxonomic families. From these sequences, we have developed a series of molecular probes to distinguish 16 distinct microbivorous nematode taxa. Using a combination of low power microscopy and taxon-specific real-time probes, the 74 nematodes were correctly assigned to their respective taxonomic groups. This optimized method provides a high-throughput assay to determine nematode identities across larger data sets.},
	keywords = {18S rRNA, 5 {\textquoteright} nuclease assay, Nematoda, real-time PCR, Taqman},
	doi = {DOI 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01319.x},
	author = {Jones, Kenneth L. and Todd, Timothy C. and Herman, Michael A.}
}
@article {HoltermanEtAl2006,
	title = {Phylum-wide analysis of {SSU rDNA} reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution towards crown clades},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1792{\textendash}1800},
	author = {Holterman, Martijn and van der Wurff, Andre and van den Elsen, Sven and van Megen, Hanny and Bongers, Tom and Holovachov, Oleksandr and Bakker, Jaap and Helder, Johannes}
}
@article {NadlerEtal2006,
	title = {Phylogeny of {Cephalobina ({Nematoda})}: Molecular evidence for recurrent evolution of probolae and incongruence with traditional classifications},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {696{\textendash}711},
	author = {Nadler,S.A. and De Ley, P and Mundo-Ocampo, M. and Smythe, AB and Stock, S.P. and Bumbarger, D. and Adams, B.J. and De Ley, I. T. and Holovachov, A. and Baldwin, J.G.}
}
@article {SmytheAndNadler2006,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of \emph{Acrobeloides} and \emph{Cephalobus} ({Nematoda, Cephalobina}) reveals paraphyletic taxa and recurrent evolution of simple labial morphology},
	journal = {Nematology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {819{\textendash}836},
	author = {Smythe, AB and Nadler,S.A.}
}
@article {SmytheEtAl2006,
	title = {Nematode small subunit phylogeny correlates with alignment parameters},
	journal = {Systematic Biology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {972{\textendash}992},
	author = {Smythe, AB and Sanderson, MJ and Nadler,S.A.}
}
@article {Yoder2006,
	title = {DESS: a versatile solution for preserving morphology and extractable DNA of nematodes},
	journal = {Nematology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {367{\textendash}376},
	author = {Yoder, M. and Tandingan De Ley, I. and King, I.W. and Mundo-Ocampo, M. and Mann, J. and Blaxter, M. and Poiras, L. and De Ley, P}
}
