03129nas a2200277   4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260008500213300001200298490000700310520214500317653001802462653001902480653001602499653001402515653002202529653002502551100001902576700002102595700002502616700002502641700002102666700001302687700001802700856013302718       2009                        eng d00aBiodiversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes in a tropical bay: Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea0 aBiodiversity patterns of freeliving marine nematodes in a tropic  a24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLANDbACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  a179-1890 v853 aSpatial and temporal biodiversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes were studied in Cienfuegos Bay, a tropical semi-enclosed basin in the Caribbean Sea. Taxonomic (to species level) and functional (biological trait) approaches were applied for describing the assemblage structure and relating it to abiotic environment based on a sampling scheme in six subtidal stations and three months. Biological trait approach added relevant information to species pattern regarding relationships between diversity patterns and the abiotic environment. The most common morphotypes were deposit feeding nematodes, with colonising abilities of 2-3 (in a scale from 1 to 5), tail conical cylindrical or filiforme and body slender; and their abundance were correlated with depth, organic matter and silt/clay fraction. In spite of a high turnover of species, functional diversity of assemblages did not change notably in space and time. A result probably due to sampling of the habitat pool of species and to low heterogeneity of the studied muddy bottoms. Chemical pollution (organic enrichment and heavy metals) and hydrodynamic regime possibly drove the biodiversity patterns. Spatial distribution of assemblages support the existence of two well differentiated basins inside the bay, the northern basin more polluted than the southern one. The low hydrodynamic regime would determine a poor dispersion of nematodes resulting in high spatial variance in the assemblage structure; and also the associated hypoxic conditions and pollutants in sediments can explain the dominance of tolerant nematode species such as Daptonema oxycerca, Sabatieria pulchra, Terschellingia gourbaultae, and Terschellingia longicaudata. A comparison of spatial-temporal patterns of biodiversity between Cienfuegos Bay and other semi-enclosed bays in temperate regions suggests several similarities: nematode assemblages are strongly influenced by anthropogenic disturbance, temporal trends are weak or overridden by spatial ones, and few cosmopolitan genera/species tolerant to pollution and hypoxic conditions are dominant. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.10aCaribbean Sea10amarine ecology10aMeiobenthos10anematodes10aspecies diversity10atropical environment1 aArmenteros, M.1 aRuiz-Abierno, A.1 aFernandez-Garces, R.1 aPerez-Garcia, J., A.1 aDiaz-Asencio, L.1 aVincx, M1 aDecraemer, W.  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/biodiversity-patterns-free-living-marine-nematodes-tropical-bay-cienfuegos-caribbean-sea03768nas a2200253   4500008004100000245006900041210006100110260008800171300001200259490000700271520297600278653001703254653001103271653001603282653001403298653001603312653001103328653001403339653002603353653001003379100001303389700001303402856009903415       1998                        eng d00aOn the cultivation of free-living marine and estuarine nematodes0 acultivation of freeliving marine and estuarine nematodes  aBIBLIOTHEK COLUMBUSSTR, D-27568 BREMERHAVEN, GERMANYbBIOLOGISCHE ANSTALT HELGOLAND  a115-1390 v523 aAlthough a large body of literature exists on the systematics and ecology of free-living marine and brackish-water nematodes, key questions on the nature and magnitude of interactions between nematodes and other organisms in the benthos remain unanswered. Relatively few authors have investigated live nematodes in food web studies or in experiments dealing with the nematodes' response to a varying environment. It is mainly for the latter purpose that attempts have been made to maintain, rear and cultivate selected species. This paper describes the methodology used for the maintenance, rearing, and eventual permanent agnotobiotic cultivation of a variety of estuarine nematodes. Spot plates, where small samples of sediment or macrophyte material are inoculated on a sloppy agar layer, have been used for the purpose of maintenance and initial cultivation. Those species that reproduce on spot plates are then selected for monospecific cultivation on agar layers with different nutrient enrichments and with micro-organisms cotransferred from the spot plates as food. Mixtures of bacto and nutrient agar prepared in artificial seawater were specifically suitable for the xenic cultivation of nine bacterivorous and, when supplied with Erdschreiber nutrients, two algivorous/bacterivorous nematode species. Up to three generations of five other nematode species have been reared under laboratory conditions, and several more were kept alive and active for variable periods of time on agar. Generation times observed on spot plates for Adoncholaimus fuscus and Oncholaimus oxyuris were substantially shorter than previously published estimates and suggest a correspondingly higher predatory and scavenging potency for these and related enoplids. A procedure for the long-term storage of nematodes at -80 degrees C with glycerol as a cryoprotectant was successfully used for Diplolaimella dievengatensis, Panagrolaimus sp. 1, and Pellioditis marina, but not for Diplolaimelloides meyli. The authors have also summarized the existing literature on the cultivation of marine and brackish-water nematodes. Continuous cultivation appears to have been successful mainly for Aufwuchs and epiphytic nematodes; only few sediment-dwellers have been established in permanent culture. Of only just over 30 species that have ever been cultivated, more than half belong to one family (Monhysteridae) and three are Rhabditida, an order poorly represented in the marine environment. Four species have been grown in monoxenic and one in axenic culture, the latter though with limited success. It is concluded that our understanding of the basic nutritional requirements of marine nematodes is as yet insufficient, and that the culture techniques which have so far mainly deployed agar or Liquid substrates, while being suitable for the cultivation of Aufwuchs and epiphytic nematodes, do not accurately enough mimic gradients specific of the natural habitat of many sediment-dwellers.10aagnotobiotic10aaxenic10acultivation10aestuarine10amaintenance10amarine10anematodes10aWesterschelde Estuary10axenic1 aMoens, T1 aVincx, M  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/cultivation-free-living-marine-and-estuarine-nematodes03377nas a2200277   4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260006600193300001200259490000800271520250300279653001302782653001502795653001402810653002202824653001402846653001602860653002302876653001002899100001302909700001602922700001702938700001402955700001302969856011702982       1999                        eng d00aSelective attraction of marine bacterivorous nematodes to their bacterial food0 aSelective attraction of marine bacterivorous nematodes to their   aNORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANYbINTER-RESEARCH  a165-1780 v1763 aThis paper explores the role of selective attraction to food in determining the spatial (micro)distribution of closely related nematode species. The attractiveness of 3 different bacterial strains to 4 species of Monhysteridae, Diplolaimelloides meyli, Diplolaimella dievengatensis, Monhystera sp. and Geomonhystera disjuncta, was studied in a multiple choice design. In our study area, the 4 nematode species considered are associated with Spartina anglica detritus decay and have partially overlapping microhabitat preferences. As they all belong to the same feeding guild, they are potential competitors for food. Each of the 4 nematode species was attracted to the bacterial strain B1, but important interspecific differences were noted in the nematodes' response to Live or heat-killed bacteria, to bacteria at different tell densities or of different age, and to the filtered supernatant of B1 culture. While the responses of D. meyli to the Gram-positive bacteria Halobacillus trueperi and to the Gramnegative Escherichia coli were similar, D. dievengatensis and Monhystera sp, were preferentially attracted to H. trueperi and E. coli, respectively. This opposite preference influenced both the numbers and their relative abundances of D. dievengatensis and Monhystera sp, inside bacterial patches in experiments with a mixed 2-species nematode inoculum. Bacterial cell density strongly influenced the nematode response, with D, meyli invariably preferring the highest cell densities offered, while D. dievengatensis and Monhystera sp, had a peak response at lower cell densities. Though chemotaxis is suggested as an underlying mechanism, the nature of the nematodes' response remains unproved. The present results strongly support the importance of food patchiness in determining the heterogeneous distribution of nematodes, and extend the concept in such a way as to allow for small differences in microhabitat choice between closely related species. They also support the view that nematodes are specialist feeders, though they probably select spots where suitable food is plentiful rather than individual food particles. Finally, the present study offers a baseline for an understanding and further study of patterns of succession among nematode species associated with decaying Spartina anglica detritus in terms of highly specific relationships with different strains, growth stages, and densities of bacteria involved in the mineralization of Spartina anglica-derived organic matter.10abacteria10achemotaxis10aestuarine10amicrodistribution10anematodes10arecruitment10aspecies succession10ataxis1 aMoens, T1 aVerbeeck, L1 ade Maeyer, A1 aSwings, J1 aVincx, M  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/selective-attraction-marine-bacterivorous-nematodes-their-bacterial-food