03768nas a2200253   4500008004100000245006900041210006100110260008800171300001200259490000700271520297600278653001703254653001103271653001603282653001403298653001603312653001103328653001403339653002603353653001003379100001303389700001303402856009903415       1998                        eng d00aOn the cultivation of free-living marine and estuarine nematodes0 acultivation of freeliving marine and estuarine nematodes  aBIBLIOTHEK COLUMBUSSTR, D-27568 BREMERHAVEN, GERMANYbBIOLOGISCHE ANSTALT HELGOLAND  a115-1390 v523 aAlthough a large body of literature exists on the systematics and ecology of free-living marine and brackish-water nematodes, key questions on the nature and magnitude of interactions between nematodes and other organisms in the benthos remain unanswered. Relatively few authors have investigated live nematodes in food web studies or in experiments dealing with the nematodes' response to a varying environment. It is mainly for the latter purpose that attempts have been made to maintain, rear and cultivate selected species. This paper describes the methodology used for the maintenance, rearing, and eventual permanent agnotobiotic cultivation of a variety of estuarine nematodes. Spot plates, where small samples of sediment or macrophyte material are inoculated on a sloppy agar layer, have been used for the purpose of maintenance and initial cultivation. Those species that reproduce on spot plates are then selected for monospecific cultivation on agar layers with different nutrient enrichments and with micro-organisms cotransferred from the spot plates as food. Mixtures of bacto and nutrient agar prepared in artificial seawater were specifically suitable for the xenic cultivation of nine bacterivorous and, when supplied with Erdschreiber nutrients, two algivorous/bacterivorous nematode species. Up to three generations of five other nematode species have been reared under laboratory conditions, and several more were kept alive and active for variable periods of time on agar. Generation times observed on spot plates for Adoncholaimus fuscus and Oncholaimus oxyuris were substantially shorter than previously published estimates and suggest a correspondingly higher predatory and scavenging potency for these and related enoplids. A procedure for the long-term storage of nematodes at -80 degrees C with glycerol as a cryoprotectant was successfully used for Diplolaimella dievengatensis, Panagrolaimus sp. 1, and Pellioditis marina, but not for Diplolaimelloides meyli. The authors have also summarized the existing literature on the cultivation of marine and brackish-water nematodes. Continuous cultivation appears to have been successful mainly for Aufwuchs and epiphytic nematodes; only few sediment-dwellers have been established in permanent culture. Of only just over 30 species that have ever been cultivated, more than half belong to one family (Monhysteridae) and three are Rhabditida, an order poorly represented in the marine environment. Four species have been grown in monoxenic and one in axenic culture, the latter though with limited success. It is concluded that our understanding of the basic nutritional requirements of marine nematodes is as yet insufficient, and that the culture techniques which have so far mainly deployed agar or Liquid substrates, while being suitable for the cultivation of Aufwuchs and epiphytic nematodes, do not accurately enough mimic gradients specific of the natural habitat of many sediment-dwellers.10aagnotobiotic10aaxenic10acultivation10aestuarine10amaintenance10amarine10anematodes10aWesterschelde Estuary10axenic1 aMoens, T1 aVincx, M  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/cultivation-free-living-marine-and-estuarine-nematodes03377nas a2200277   4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260006600193300001200259490000800271520250300279653001302782653001502795653001402810653002202824653001402846653001602860653002302876653001002899100001302909700001602922700001702938700001402955700001302969856011702982       1999                        eng d00aSelective attraction of marine bacterivorous nematodes to their bacterial food0 aSelective attraction of marine bacterivorous nematodes to their   aNORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANYbINTER-RESEARCH  a165-1780 v1763 aThis paper explores the role of selective attraction to food in determining the spatial (micro)distribution of closely related nematode species. The attractiveness of 3 different bacterial strains to 4 species of Monhysteridae, Diplolaimelloides meyli, Diplolaimella dievengatensis, Monhystera sp. and Geomonhystera disjuncta, was studied in a multiple choice design. In our study area, the 4 nematode species considered are associated with Spartina anglica detritus decay and have partially overlapping microhabitat preferences. As they all belong to the same feeding guild, they are potential competitors for food. Each of the 4 nematode species was attracted to the bacterial strain B1, but important interspecific differences were noted in the nematodes' response to Live or heat-killed bacteria, to bacteria at different tell densities or of different age, and to the filtered supernatant of B1 culture. While the responses of D. meyli to the Gram-positive bacteria Halobacillus trueperi and to the Gramnegative Escherichia coli were similar, D. dievengatensis and Monhystera sp, were preferentially attracted to H. trueperi and E. coli, respectively. This opposite preference influenced both the numbers and their relative abundances of D. dievengatensis and Monhystera sp, inside bacterial patches in experiments with a mixed 2-species nematode inoculum. Bacterial cell density strongly influenced the nematode response, with D, meyli invariably preferring the highest cell densities offered, while D. dievengatensis and Monhystera sp, had a peak response at lower cell densities. Though chemotaxis is suggested as an underlying mechanism, the nature of the nematodes' response remains unproved. The present results strongly support the importance of food patchiness in determining the heterogeneous distribution of nematodes, and extend the concept in such a way as to allow for small differences in microhabitat choice between closely related species. They also support the view that nematodes are specialist feeders, though they probably select spots where suitable food is plentiful rather than individual food particles. Finally, the present study offers a baseline for an understanding and further study of patterns of succession among nematode species associated with decaying Spartina anglica detritus in terms of highly specific relationships with different strains, growth stages, and densities of bacteria involved in the mineralization of Spartina anglica-derived organic matter.10abacteria10achemotaxis10aestuarine10amicrodistribution10anematodes10arecruitment10aspecies succession10ataxis1 aMoens, T1 aVerbeeck, L1 ade Maeyer, A1 aSwings, J1 aVincx, M  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/selective-attraction-marine-bacterivorous-nematodes-their-bacterial-food02459nas a2200181   4500008004100000245017300041210006900214260008800283300001300371490000700384520166800391100001602059700001902075700002002094700001302114700001302127856013702140       2007                        eng d00aColonization patterns of Nematoda on decomposing algae in the estuarine environment: Community assembly and genetic structure of the dominant species Pellioditis marina0 aColonization patterns of Nematoda on decomposing algae in the es  a5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USAbAMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY  a992-10010 v523 aWe performed a field experiment in the Westerschelde Estuary (The Netherlands) to characterize the colonization dynamics of nematodes in relation to the proximity of a source population and to local environmental conditions. The effects of colonization on the population genetic structure of the dominant species, Pellioditis marina, were simultaneously investigated. Two contrasting sites, each containing four patches with defaunated algae, were sampled seven times during 1 month. Site A was situated amidst Fucus stands, which permanently harbor P. marina, while site B was approximately 100 m from any source population and experienced more stressful environmental conditions. We hypothesized that (1) colonization in site A would proceed faster than in site B and that (2) founder events and genetic bottlenecks would affect population genetic structure and differentiation at site B more than at site A. We screened 992 individuals for variation in 426 base pairs of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 gene with the single-strand conformation polymorphism method. The algal deposits at site A were indeed more rapidly colonized and reached fivefold higher densities of nematodes than those in site B. Haplotype composition in site A was very similar to that of the source population, while rare haplotypes were abundant and genetic diversity was lower in site B. We conclude that founder effects and genetic bottlenecks structured the populations in site B. The genetic differences between patches in each site further indicate that effective migration in P. marina is low and that priority effects influence the genetic structure of P. marina populations.1 aDerycke, S.1 aVan Vynckt, R.1 aVanoverbeke, J.1 aVincx, M1 aMoens, T  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/colonization-patterns-nematoda-decomposing-algae-estuarine-environment-community-assembly-an02492nas a2200289   4500008004100000245014900041210006900190260007600259300000900335490000800344520150100352653000801853653000901861653001701870653001801887653001301905653000801918653002301926653001901949100001601968700001601984700001902000700002002019700001302039700001302052856013702065       2008                        eng d00aDisentangling taxonomy within the Rhabditis (Pellioditis) marina (Nematoda, Rhabditidae) species complex using molecular and morphological tools0 aDisentangling taxonomy within the Rhabditis Pellioditis marina N  a9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2ZG, OXON, ENGLANDbBLACKWELL PUBLISHING  a1-150 v1523 aCorrect taxonomy is a prerequisite for biological research, but currently it is undergoing a serious crisis, resulting in the neglect of many highly diverse groups of organisms. In nematodes, species delimitation remains problematic due to their high morphological plasticity. Evolutionary approaches using DNA sequences can potentially overcome the problems caused by morphology, but they are also affected by theoretical flaws. A holistic approach with a combination of morphological and molecular methods can therefore produce a straightforward delimitation of species. The present study investigates the taxonomic status of some highly divergent mitochondrial haplotypes in the Rhabditis (Pellioditis) marina species complex by using a combination of molecular and morphological tools. We used three molecular markers (COI, ITS, D2D3) and performed phylogenetic analyses. Subsequently, morphometric data from nearly all lineages were analysed with multivariate techniques. We included R. (P.) mediterranea and R. (R.) nidrosiensis to infer species status of the observed lineages. The results showed that highly divergent genotypic clusters were accompanied by morphological differences, and we created a graphical polytomous key for identifications. This study indisputably demonstrates that R. (P.) marina and R. (P.) mediterranea belong to a huge species complex and that biodiversity in free-living marine nematodes may be seriously underestimated. (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.10aCOI10aD2D310adelimitation10aDNA-barcoding10aholistic10aITS10aPellioditis marina10apolytomous key1 aDerycke, S.1 aFonseca, G.1 aVierstraete, A1 aVanfleteren, J.1 aVincx, M1 aMoens, T  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/disentangling-taxonomy-within-rhabditis-pellioditis-marina-nematoda-rhabditidae-species-comp00619nas a2200145   4500008004100000245013700041210006900178300001400247490000700261100002000268700001800288700001700306700001300323856013700336       2000                        eng d00aInferring a classification of the {Adenophorea} ({Nematoda}) from nucleotide sequences of the {D3} expansion segment ({26/28S rDNA})0 aInferring a classification of the Adenophorea Nematoda from nucl  a911–9220 v781 aLitvaitis, M.K.1 aBates, J., W.1 aHope, W., D.1 aMoens, T  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/inferring-classification-adenophorea-nematoda-nucleotide-sequences-d3-expansion-segment-2628