03969nas a2200217   4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260010400186300001200290490000700302520319100309653001703500653001403517653001403531653002103545653002003566653002003586653002103606100001503627856010903642       2006                        eng d00aPhylogeny of Taenia: Species definitions and origins of human parasites0 aPhylogeny of Taenia Species definitions and origins of human par  aELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELANDbELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  aS23-S300 v553 aPhylogeny is fundamental as it constrains explanations about history and forms our foundation for recognizing and diagnosing species. In the absence of such a framework taxonomists historically relied on intuitive processes, personal judgment and authority, often embracing a typological view of species that disregarded otherwise unequivocal historical and biological criteria. Species of Taenia are among the most characteristic tapeworms infecting carnivores and humans as definitive hosts and indeed Taemidae is unique among the Eucestoda in requiring 2 obligate mammalian hosts for transmission; a high percentage (>80%) of life cycles have been completely elucidated among the approximately 45 species and nominal subspecies of Taenia. Until recently there had been no comprehensive attempts at reconstruction of a phylogeny among these important parasites. Such analyses have allowed us to explore the origins and evolution of those independent species of Taenia that occur in humans (T saginata, T asiatica, and T solium) and to understand the ecological and historical processes serving as determinants of biogeography and host-association. These studies supported the status of T asiatica as a valid species and diagnosed a relationship as the sister-species of T saginata. These conclusions contrasted with a diversity of opinions that would subsume T asiatica as a subspecies. Recognition of a species constitutes a specific and testable hypothesis, is not an arbitrary decision and is most appropriately assessed in the context of phylogenetic or historical data. Considering macrospecies, a process has been outlined by Brooks and McLennan [Brooks DR, McLennan DA. The nature of diversity: an evolutionary voyage of discovery. University of Chicago Press: Chicago; 2002] as follows: (1) Discovery: a systematist describes the species; (2) Phylogenetic reconstruction; (3) Evaluation I: do sister-species show geographical overlap-are they sympatric or allopatric (use phylogeny+geographical distributions)? (4) Evaluation II: are sister-species reproductively isolated based on information from natural history, ecology and reproductive biology? Species may be viewed in the context of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary processes. For instance, microspecies are defined in ecological time and involve populations and contemporary process that are potentially reversible (reticulate). In contrast, macrospecies as exemplified by T saginata and T asiatica are divergent lineages resulting from processes in evolutionary time where an ancestor has undergone a permanent split that is non-reversible (non-reticulate). Applying these criteria in evaluation of T saginata and T asiatica, it becomes clear that in evolutionary time these represent historical lineages with independent spatial and temporal trajectories, having separated from a common ancestor near 0.78 to 1.71 MYBP in Africa, or Eurasia. In ecological time, sympatry, reproductive isolation, and differences in life history evident for T saginata and T asiatica as observed in China, and perhaps other regions of Southeast Asia, further serve to validate these taeniids. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.10abiogeography10aevolution10aphylogeny10aspecies concepts10aTaenia asiatica10aTaenia saginata10aTaenia tapeworms1 aHoberg, EP  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/phylogeny-taenia-species-definitions-and-origins-human-parasites02170nas a2200169   4500008004100000022004300041245006600084210005900150260010800209300001400317490000700331520150700338100002201845700001701867700001501884856010101899       1992                        eng d  a0022-3395 (Print); 0022-3395 (Linking)00aThe U.S. National Parasite Collection–a century of service.0 aUS National Parasite Collection–a century of service  aU.S. Department of Agriculture, Biosystematic Parasitology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350.  a924–9290 v783 aThe U.S. National Parasite Collection will complete its first century of service to the field of animal parasitology in 1992. A brief history of the collection and a description of current policies on deposit and loan of specimens are provided. The collection, started in 1892 by Charles Wardell Stiles and Albert Hassall, now includes several constituent collections: The USNM Helminthological Collection, The USDA Parasite Collection, The Hoffman-Bangham Collection of Parasites of Freshwater Fish, and The Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Diseases Study Collection of Parasites of White-tailed Deer. Major personal collections have been donated by F. W. Douvres, J. H. Fischthal, A. O. Foster, A. Goldberg, E. P. Hoberg, R. Honess, R. A. Knight, D. C. Kritsky, R. E. Kuntz, G. L. LaRue, D. R. Lincicome, E. Linton, G. A. MacCallum, J. H. Sandground, L. Schultz, and H. J. Van Cleave. In addition to Stiles and Hassall, the collection has been curated by B. H. Ransom, M. C. Hall, A. McIntosh, W. W. Becklund, M. B. Chitwood, and the authors of this report. Other USDA researchers closely associated with the collection over the years include B. G. Chitwood, E. B. Cram, G. Dikmans, J. T. Lucker, E. W. Price, and E. E. Wehr. The collection includes about 90,000 lots of specimens, mostly helminths, but also significant numbers of ticks, mites, protozoans, and other miscellaneous parasites. Annually about 600-1,000 lots are accessioned and 300-400 lots are loaned to researchers around the world.1 aLichtenfels, J, R1 aPilitt, P, A1 aHoberg, EP  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/us-national-parasite-collection%E2%80%93-century-service00658nas a2200145   4500008004100000245017300041210006900214300001400283490000700297100001700304700001500321700002100336700001800357856013700375       2000                        eng d00aRelationships of \emph{Nematodirus} species and \emph{Nematodirus} \emph{battus} isolates ({Nematoda}: {Trichostrongyloidea}) based on nuclear ribosomal {DNA} sequences0 aRelationships of emph Nematodirus species and emph Nematodirus e  a588–6010 v861 aNadler, S.A.1 aHoberg, EP1 aHudspeth, D.S.S.1 aRickard, L.G.  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/relationships-emphnematodirus-species-and-emphnematodirus-emphbattus-isolates-nematoda-trich