02815nas a2200205   4500008004100000245009700041210006900138260007100207300001000278520203600288653002302324653001602347653002602363653001502389653001702404653001602421100002202437700002202459856012802481       2010                        eng d00aPhylogenies without Synapomorphies-A Crisis in Fish Systematics: Time to Show Some Character0 aPhylogenies without SynapomorphiesA Crisis in Fish Systematics T  aPO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALANDbMAGNOLIA PRESS  a26-403 aWe contend that the move away from providing character evidence with phylogenies has diminished fish systematics and systematics in general, and amounts to a crisis. Present practices focus on solutions to matrices rather than on character homology, and rely on algorithms and statistics rather than biology to determine relationships. Optimization procedures in tree-building programs are phenetic and no longer employ homology, the original foundation of cladistics. Evidence for phylogenies is presented in a manner that obscures character conflict and makes meaningful debate difficult. The role of morphological characters has largely been reduced to their optimization and reinterpretation on the revealed "truth" of molecule-based topologies. All of this has resulted in a schism between molecular and morphological phylogeneticists. We examine several examples, focusing on Percomorpha and Gobioidei, to illustrate the shortcomings of recent approaches. We feel that phylogenetics can only move forward by recognizing that molecules are small-scale morphology; molecular data are not substantively different from larger-scale morphological data and should be treated in much the same manner. Careful investigation of homology and transparent presentation of evidence will keep our work and our science relevant. We suggest four measures that need reintroduction to phylogenetic practice in order to bring systematics back to its fundamental principles: (1) examine data quality, character distribution, and evidence; plot characters to identify and examine character conflict, and weigh evidence for homology, (2) explore the nature of character information-data become characters only after they are understood, (3) question assumptions of methods, common practice is not necessarily indicative of the ideal analysis, (4) in particular, question and investigate optimization as a method and what its impact is on character homology and the meaning of synapomorphies; use biology, not algorithms to make homology decisions.10acharacter conflict10aGobiiformes10amolecular systematics10amorphology10aoptimization10aPercomorpha1 aMooi, Randall, D.1 aGill, Anthony, C.  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/phylogenies-without-synapomorphies-crisis-fish-systematics-time-show-some-character01365nas a2200205   4500008004100000245002000041210002000061260006300081300001200144490000900156520082300165653001200988653001901000653001201019653002401031653001401055653001401069100001601083856006001099       2007                        eng d00aPhylum Nematoda0 aPhylum Nematoda  aPO BOX 41-383, AUCKLAND, 1030, NEW ZEALANDbMAGNOLIA PRESS  a265-2930 v16683 aThe systematics of nematodes is reviewed, including: an overview of the general biology, ecology, scientific and economic importance of the group; a history of classification; evolutionary affinities and origins of nematodes; and the current diagnosis of the group. Alternative classifications within the Phylum Nematoda are discussed, and a classification to family level incorporating the latest molecular, developmental and morphological research is presented. This classification reflects the current views on evolution within the phylum, as well as significant areas of uncertainty, particularly related to the early evolution of nematodes. It includes 5 classes, 9 subclasses, 23 superorders, 39 orders, 52 suborders, 89 superfamilies and 241 families. There are few changes at the superfamily and family levels.10abiology10aclassification10aecology10aeconomic importance10anematodes10aphylogeny1 aHodda, Mike  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/phylum-nematoda