02034nas a2200169   4500008004100000022002200041245013700063210006900200260016000269300001400429490000700443520121600450100001901666700002201685700002001707856013701727       2004                        eng d  a1055-7903 (Print)00aIntragenomic variation of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers in sponges (Phylum Porifera): implications for phylogenetic studies.0 aIntragenomic variation of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers   aGeowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Abt. Geobiologie, Universitat Gottingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. gert.woerheide@geo.uni-goettingen.de  a816–8300 v333 aThe internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the tandemly repeated nuclear ribosomal DNA clusters are frequently used as markers for fine scale analyses in diverse animals. In certain taxa, ITS is nearly exclusively used for population level or inter-specific studies, despite the frequent presence of divergent paralogs within individual genomes that can be phylogenetically misleading. For the first time we survey diverse marine sponges to determine the extent and phylogenetic implications of intragenomic polymorphisms (IGPs) exhibited at their ITS loci. We discover that the extent of IGP varies greatly between taxa (with most taxa exhibiting very few) and cannot be predicted by taxonomy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ITS can be phylogenetically informative between species when moderate levels of IGPs are detected, but that ITS paralogy can interfere with population level studies. We caution against the routine use of ITS in phylogenetic studies of sponges without (1) screening for IGPs in specimens from every population sampled; (2) including all divergent paralogs in phylogenetic analyses; (3) testing ITS data using other single-copy, unlinked loci (such as nuclear introns).1 aWorheide, Gert1 aNichols, Scott, A1 aGoldberg, Julia  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/intragenomic-variation-rdna-internal-transcribed-spacers-sponges-phylum-porifera-implication02420nas a2200229   4500008004100000022002200041245017400063210006900237260022400306300001400530490000700544520133700551100002401888700001701912700002101929700002001950700002301970700002301993700001802016700001902034856013702053       2008                        eng d  a1055-7903 (Print)00aComplete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genomes of two solitary entoprocts, Loxocorone allax and Loxosomella aloxiata: implications for lophotrochozoan phylogeny.0 aComplete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genomes of two so  aLaboratory for Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan. yokobori@ls.toyaku.ac.jp  a612–6280 v473 aThe complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of the entoprocts Loxocorone allax and Loxosomella aloxiata were determined. Both species carry the typical gene set of metazoan mt genomes and have similar organizations of their mt genes. However, they show differences in the positions of two tRNA(Leu) genes. Additionally, the tRNA(Val) gene, and half of the long non-coding region, is duplicated and inverted in the Loxos. aloxiata mt genome. The initiation codon of the Loxos. aloxiata cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene is expected to be ACG rather than AUG. The mt gene organizations in these two entoproct species most closely resemble those of mollusks such as Katharina tunicata and Octopus vulgaris, which have the most evolutionarily conserved mt gene organization reported to date in mollusks. Analyses of the mt gene organization in the lophotrochozoan phyla (Annelida, Brachiopoda, Echiura, Entoprocta, Mollusca, Nemertea, and Phoronida) suggested a close phylogenetic relationship between Brachiopoda, Annelida, and Echiura. However, Phoronida was excluded from this grouping. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of mt protein-coding genes suggested a possible close relationship between Entoprocta and Phoronida, and a close relationship among Brachiopoda, Annelida, and Echiura.1 aYokobori, Shin-ichi1 aIseto, Tohru1 aAsakawa, Shuichi1 aSasaki, Takashi1 aShimizu, Nobuyoshi1 aYamagishi, Akihiko1 aOshima, Tairo1 aHirose, Euichi  uhttps://nematoda.myspecies.info/content/complete-nucleotide-sequences-mitochondrial-genomes-two-solitary-entoprocts-loxocorone-allax